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Thrust ball bearings consist of two precision chrome steel washers (ring) and a ball complement spaced by bronze retainer. They can be supplied with or without radius ball grooves in the rings. Thrust bearings are used under purely axial loads. See also Ball bearing Thrust bearing Categories: Bearings | Mechanical engineering stubs Hidden categories: Orphaned articles from November 2006 | All orphaned articles(and so on)
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For other uses, see Yui. Yui Background information Born March 26, 1987 (1987-03-26) (age22)Fukuoka, Japan Genre(s) J-pop, Pop rock, Folk pop Occupation(s) Singer, songwriter, actress Instrument(s) Acoustic guitar, electric guitar, bass, piano, drums Years active 2004resent Label(s) Studioseven RecordingsStardustSony Music Japan Website http://www.yui-net.com Notableinstrument(s) Fender GA-45SCEFender GDC200 SCEFender StratocasterSquier Bronco BassFender Telecaster Yui (?? ?, born March 26, 1987 in Fukuoka, Japan) is a Japanese singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actress. She is currently signed to Sony Music Records Japan and attached to the talent agency Stardust Promotion. Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Initial career 1.3 From Me to You (20052006) 1.4 Can't Buy My Love (20062007) 1.5 I Loved Yesterday (20072008) 1.6 My Short Stories (2008resent) 2 Discography 3 Filmography 3.1 DVD 3.2 Movies 4 Awards 5 References 6 External links // Biography Early life Yui Yoshioka grew up in a fatherless home and so she doesn't have any memory of her father. She does remember always being close to music, be it from her mother's car stereo or the radio, she would remember the tunes and sing along. By the time she was in elementary school she thought she would like to become a singer.[1] Yui as a young girl During her third year in middle school, following the influence of her mother, Yui began keeping a journal of everyday feelings and poetry. Because of this, by the time she was in high school, she began writing songs.[2] While in high school she worked a part-time job to help pay for tuition. Always busy, with her time steadily disappearing, she thought there was no longer a road to music. Eventually her body would breakdown and she found her self under hospitalization.[1] While in the hospital, with the time to consider her life, she was overwhelmed with the desire to make music. She decided that school and music could not coexist. Upon leaving the hospital she encountered a live street performance and expressed her desire to pursue a musical career to the band, Bianco Nero, at the end of the concert. Bianco Nero recommended to Yui that she should join a private music school and soon, she dropped out of high school and seriously began studying songwriting and guitar at a juku in her hometown of Fukuoka.[1] Aspiring to become a professional, she carried her guitar around and sang at local places at the entrance of Tenjin station in Fukuoka. Doing these street performances helped Yui to eventually overcome her shyness. Initial career Her professional career began in March 2004 when at the recommendation of her juku instructors she applied for an audition hosted by Sony Music Japan.[3] Despite the audition rule that a participant could only sing two songs, Yui sang three, with all of the judges gave her the highest score possible and causing a fierce scramble among record labels to sign her. She first sang "Why Me" (a song later included in her major label debut single), followed by "It's Happy Line" and "I Know". Because "I Know" was incomplete at the time, the judges were able to get a glimpse of what would later be dubbed "Yui-go", or Yui-speak (Yui? in Japanese), nonsensical English hummed to a tune during her songwriting process an example of Yui-go can be found in the film Midnight Sun when Yui is working on the song "Goodbye Days". On Christmas Eve of that year, she released her debut single "It's Happy Line" under the indie label Leaflet Records, coupled with the track "I Know". The pressing was limited to only 2,000 copies in her home area. From Me to You (20052006) Upon leaving her hometown in Fukuoka for Tokyo, Yui wrote the song "Feel My Soul". She was planning its release on an indie label as a tribute to her hometown. However, when the song caught the ears of Fuji TV producer Mr. Yamaguchi, who just happened to see the demo video clip, he claimed that Yui's voice haunted him so much that he went out of his way to visit the recording studio all by himself. He even made his channel's prime time drama Fukigen na Gene use Yui's debut track. On February 23, Yui released her first major debut single, "Feel My Soul". The music in Fukigen na Gene was mainly based on her songs such as "Feel My Soul" and "It's Happy Line". With the drama tie-in Feel My Soul managed to sell over 100,000 copies and her single managed to chart at number 8 on Oricon Weekly Charts in its first week. Her next three singles, "Tomorrow's Way" (theme song for the Japanese movie, "Hinokio"), "Life" (fifth ending song for a popular anime, Bleach), and "Tokyo" did not chart as high as Feel My Soul did and were only...(and so on)
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The high front vowels of English have undergone a variety of changes over time, which may vary from dialect to dialect. Contents 1 Weak vowel merger 2 Kit-bit split 3 Pin-pen merger 4 Happy tensing 5 Meet-meat merger 6 Mitt-meet merger 7 Met-mat merger 8 Met-mate merger 9 Bred-bread merger 10 Idea-smoothing 11 Bit-bet merger 12 See also 13 References // Weak vowel merger The weak vowel merger (or Lennon-Lenin merger) is a phonemic merger of /?/ (schwa) with unstressed /?/ (sometimes written as /?/, and occasionally called "schwi" by analogy with "schwa") in certain dialects of English.[citation needed] As a result of this merger the words abbot and rabbit rhyme; in accents without the merger they are distinct. The merger is complete in the Southern Hemisphere accents and Hiberno-English and variable in General American[1] This merger is not usually stigmatized. Dictionaries usually represent the distinction and not the merger. While there are some dialects that have a variable distinction, there are very few dialects that maintain a complete distinction. For people with the distinction [?] is used in words spelled with i or e in an unstressed syllable. In accents with the distinction, the -ible and -able endings are distinct as [?b?l] and [?b?l]. Also the following words do not end the same way: Lennon, Lenin ribbon, cabin carrot, merit Rosa's, roses Kit-bit split The kit-bit split is a split of EME /?/ found in South African English, where kit [k?t] and bit [b?t] do not rhyme.[1][2] It is not clear whether this is a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable: [?] is used adjacent to velars (kiss, gift, lick, big, sing, kit), after /h/ (hit), word-initially (inn), generally before /?/ (fish), and by some speakers before /t?, d?/; [?] is used elsewhere (limb, dinner, limited, bit). Nevertheless because of the phonetic similarity of the two vowels in a word like dinner [?d?n?], they may belong to the same phoneme /?/, while the vowel of kiss, big, hit, inn etc. belongs to the phoneme /?/.[1] The kit-bit split is perhaps the most distinctive feature of South African English, as many of its other features are also found in New Zealand English. In New Zealand English, however, a centralized realization of /?/ as /?/ is general: there is no split and the vowels of kit and bit are pronounced identically. Because of the centralized realization of the vowel /?/ in some words in South African English, South Africans are often stereotyped as pronouncing "woman" and "women" the same way, as "women" has the vowel [?]. In reality, they are distinct in South African English. "woman" is /w?m?n/ and "women" is /w?m?n/, so they are distinct and never confused. Pin-pen merger The merger of pin and pen in American English. The areas marked in purple are where the merger is complete for most speakers. Based on Labov, Ash, and Boberg 2006: 68. The pin-pen merger is a conditional merger of /?/ and /?/ before the nasal consonants [m], [n], and [?][3][4][5][6][1][7][8][9]. The merged vowel is usually closer to [?] than to [?]. The merger is widespread in Southern American English, and is also found in many speakers in the Midland region immediately north of the South, as well as in less densely populated inland areas of the Western United States, particularly in Bakersfield, California. It is also a characteristic of African American Vernacular English. Although this merger was not complete in the South even in fairly recent times,[7] there is very little variation throughout the Southern States in general, except that Savannah, Miami, and New Orleans are excluded from the merger.[9] The area of consistent merger includes southern Virginia, most of the South Midland, and extends westward to include much of Texas. The northern limit of the merged area shows a number of irregular curves. Central and southern Indiana is dominated by the merger, but there is very little evidence of it in Ohio, and northern Kentucky shows a solid area of distinction around Louisville. In the west, there is sporadic representation of merged speakers in Washington, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado. But the most striking concentration of merged speakers in the west is around Bakersfield, California, a pattern that may reflect the trajectory of migrant workers from the Ozarks westward. The pin-pen merger is one of the most widely recognized features of Southern speech. A study[7] of the written responses of Civil War veterans from Tennessee, together with data from the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States and the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle South Atlantic States, show that the merger was at a very low level through the first sixty years of the 19th century, but then rose...(and so on)
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K-Cups K-Cup portion packs are used with Keurig single cup brewing systems to brew a cup of coffee, tea, or hot chocolate. Each K-Cup is a plastic container with a coffee filter inside. Ground coffee beans are packed in the K-Cup and sealed air-tight with a combination plastic and foil lid. When the K-Cup is placed in a Keurig brewer, the brewer punctures the foil lid and the bottom of the K-Cup and forces hot water under pressure through the K-Cup and into a mug. Keurig licenses its K-Cup technology to coffee roasters and tea makers such as Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Diedrich/Gloria Jeans, Timothy's World Coffee, Van Houtte, Caribou Coffee, Celestial Seasonings, Bigelow Tea Company, Twinings, Tully's, Coffee People and Newman's Own. External links Official Keurig web site Product review from Single Serve Coffee K-Cups Directory. Categorized by Brand and type This coffee-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Packaging | Coffee brands | Drinkware | Single-serving coffee | Tea and coffee stubs(and so on)
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XMB on a PSX The XrossMediaBar (pronounced CrossMediaBar and officially abbreviated as XMB) is a graphical user interface developed by Sony Computer Entertainment. The interface features icons that are spread horizontally across the screen. Navigation moves the icons, instead of a cursor. These icons are used as categories to organize the options available to the user. When an icon is selected on the horizontal bar, several more appear vertically, above and below it (selectable by the up and down directions on a directional pad). Originally used on the PSX, the XrossMediaBar is used as the default interface on both the PlayStation Portable and the PlayStation 3. Since 2006, it has also been used in high-end WEGA TVs,[1] the BRAVIA starting with the 3000 (only in S-series and above),, the Sony XEL-1 OLED TV, some Sony Cyber-shot cameras and the high-end STR-DA 5200ES AV receiver. The Sony Ericsson K850's, W760' and W910's media menu is also a version of XMB, indicating that the next implementation of XMB is in Sony Ericsson mobile phones. The XMB has also been confirmed as the menu system in the next generation of Sony's BRAVIA TVs.[2] Sony has also added the XMB to its latest range of VAIO laptops.[3] The interface won the Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for "Outstanding Innovation and Achievement in Advanced Media Technology for the Best Use of Personal Media Display and Presentation Technology" in 2006.[4] Contents 1 PlayStation Portable XMB 1.1 Official themes for PSP XMB 2 PlayStation 3 XMB 2.1 In-game XMB menu 2.2 XMB color schemes 2.3 Themes 2.4 Developer 3 Control 4 See also 5 References 6 External links // PlayStation Portable XMB On the PlayStation Portable, once a category is selected, its options appear below the icon, selectable by pressing right on the directional pad. Going back is possible by pressing the left directional button or the button (for European and American version), or button (Asian versions only). Some items have an option menu that can be displayed by pressing the button. The XMB is capable of limited multitasking. This is accessed by pushing the "Home" button on the 1000 and 2000 PSP version and the "PS" button on the 3000 PSP while listening to music, looking at photos, etc. This feature can be used to watch a video, look at a certain photo, listen to music, and look at the current web page, all while browsing the XMB. However, what is in the background will be cancelled if any item is accessed on the XMB. The background color on the XMB changes color depending on the current month. On a PSP with firmware 2.00+, the background color can be changed or the background can be changed to a picture. On a PSP with firmware 3.70+, it is possible to listen to music and view photos simultaneously. On a PSP 2000 or 3000 series model, there are a number of additional colors available for the XMB. On a PSP with firmware 4.20+, the background "waves" effect has changed, with two options under Theme, then Color. These two options are the ability to change between the new "waves" effect and the classic "wavy lines". On the newer 2000 and 3000 series PSP, new colors have been added. On update 5.00, the XMB received the PlayStation Store as a new feature. Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Color Official themes for PSP XMB PSP users with the 3.70 system software or newer have the ability to download themes for the Playstation Portable and apply theme to the Playstation Portable without homebrew. Sony released software that allows anyone to create a theme, to see example themes, visit the PSP Themes Link in the External Links section. PlayStation 3 XMB The PS3's XMB interface The PlayStation 3 version of the XrossMediaBar includes ten categories of options; three more than the PSP. These include: Users, Settings, Photo, Music, Video, TV (Only if PlayTV is installed), Game, Network, PlayStation Network, and Friends. The dynamic lines on the background are more condensed into a 'ribbon' rather than the PSP's large waves, unselected icons shrink slightly and every selectable background color has been made a shade darker. The PS3 includes the ability to store various master and secondary user profiles, manage and explore photos with Photo Gallery or an ordinary musical/non-musical slideshow, rip audio CDs, rip iTunes AAC protected files, play music and copy tracks to an attached storage device, play movies and video files from the hard disk drive, an optional USB mass storage or Flash card, or an optical disc (Blu-ray Disc or DVD-Video). It also has compatibility for a USB keyboard and mouse and a full web browser supporting incompatible file download function. The...(and so on)
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It does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve it by citing reliable sources. Tagged since July 2008. Its quality may be compromised by peacock terms. Tagged since July 2008. It may require general cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since July 2008. Its introduction may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's lead section guidelines. Tagged since July 2008. DSP plant Durgapur Steel Plant (Bengali: is one of the integrated steel plants of Steel Authority of India Limited, located in Durgapur, in the eastern Indian state of West Bengal. It is one of the plants that have played a historically important part in the industrial development of India. Although not a separate company, it is the largest industrial unit in the state of West Bengal. Contents 1 Historical background 2 Location 3 The city of Durgapur 4 Product mix of Durgapur Steel Plant 5 Raw materials 6 Raw materials handling 7 Raw materials handling complex 8 Coke ovens and coal chemicals 9 Sinter plant 10 Raw material preparation and handling 11 Blast furnaces 12 Steel melting shop 13 Continuous Casting Plant 14 Rolling mills 15 Blooming mill 16 Billet mill 17 Product range 18 Section mill 19 Merchant mill 20 Skelp mill 21 Railway products 22 Wheel and axle plant 23 Engineering shops 24 Research and control laboratories 25 Computerisation 26 Quality assurance 27 Environment control 28 Centre for Human Resource Development 29 Communication 30 The abode of steelmen 31 Peripheral development and contribution to the region's development 32 See also 33 External links // Historical background Set up in the late 1950s with an initial annual capacity of one million tonnes of crude steel per year, the capacity of Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) was later expanded to 1.6 million tonnes in the 1970s. A massive modernisation programme was undertaken in the plant in early '90s, which, while bringing numerous technological developments in the plant, enhanced the capacity of the plant to 2.088 million tonnes of [hot metal], 1.8 million tonnes crude steel and 1.586 million tonnes saleable steel. The entire plant is covered under ISO 9001: 2000 quality management system. The modernized Durgapur Steel Plant now has state-ofhe-art technology for quality steel making. The modernized units have brought about improved productivity, substantial improvement in energy conservation and better quality products. DSP Steel Making complex and the entire mills zone, comprising its Blooming & Billet Mill, Merchant Mill, Skelp Mill, Section Mill and Wheel & Axle Plant, are covered under ISO: 9002 quality assurance certification. After the commissioning of the modernized units, DSP is all set to produce 2.088 million tonnes of hot metal, 1.8 million tonnes of crude steel and 1.586 million tonnes of saleable steel annually. Location Situated at a distance of 158 km from Calcutta (now Kolkata), its geographical location is 23 27' North and 88 29' East. It is situated on the banks of the Damodar river. The Grand Trunk Road and the main Calcutta-Delhi railway line pass through Durgapur. The city of Durgapur Durgapur is on the main Kolkataew Delhi line. From a sleepy settlement, the town today hosts a variety of educational institutions, shopping malls, complexes with eateries and a multiplex, amongst other commercial attractions. Durgapur is fast turning into the central location for the entire regionith the entry of big sex business houses and entrepreneurs, the city is all set to undergo a change in its own lifestyle and in the outlook of its residents. Durgapur is situated in between the two riversamodar and Ajay and also between two districtsankura and Birbhum. There are many townships here mainly "Steel Township", "DPL Township", "MAMC Township" etc. once Durgapur was the only city in India with two steel plants, Durgapur Steel Plant and Alloy Steel Plant. Product mix of Durgapur Steel Plant product mix tonnes per annum Merchant products 280,000 Structural 207,000 Skelp 180,000 Wheels & axles 58,000 Semi-finished 861,000 Total saleable steel 1,586,000 Raw materials Iron ore, coal and limestone are the three basic raw materials for the steel industry. Durgapur Steel Plant draws its coal from the adjacent Jhariaaniganj coal belt. A good amount of prime coking coal, having fairly low ash content, is also imported. Bulk of iron ore lumps and fines come from the mines at Bolani in Orissa. Lime stone comes from a variety of sources: Birmitrapur (Orissa), Jaisalmer...(and so on)
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Butterworth machine nozzle Another nozzle An automated tank cleaning machine is a machine used to clean cargo tanks such as those found in tank trucks, rail cars, barges, and oil tankers.[1] Genericized trademarks such as Butterworth machine and Gamajet are often used to refer to automatic tank cleaning machines regardless of their manufacturer.[2] Contents 1 Operation 2 History 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links // Operation Butterworth machines function similarly to lawn sprinklers. Tanks must be cleaned from time to time for various reasons. One reason is to change the type of product carried inside a tank.[3] Another is to allow the tank to be inspected or for maintenance to be performed within a tank.[3] Automated tank cleaning machines work in a manner similar to an irrigation sprinkler. Hot water forced through a jet nozzle rotates the nozzle. The nozzle's rotation moves the machine through a cleaning pattern.[1] As the water sprays, the liquid is pumped out of the tank.[3] Portable water washing systems are widely used, but tanks that are cleaned frequently may have a fixed system installed.[3] The Butterworth Type K machine is widely used.[1] This model can clean a tank of up to 10,000,000USgallons (38,000m3).[1] It uses water with a pressure up to 250pounds per square inch (1,700kPa) and a temperature of up to 250 (121).[1] The water jet reaches up to 115feet (35m).[1] Depending on the pressure used, a cleaning cycle can take from about 10 to 50 minutes and the machine uses between 15USgallons (56.8L; 12.5imp gal) and 350USgallons (1,324.9L; 291.4imp gal) per minute.[1] On most crude-oil tankers, a special crude oil washing system, or COW system, is part of the cleaning process.[3] The COW system circulates hot crude oil through the fixed tank-cleaning system to remove wax and asphaltic deposits.[3] Although machines are often used to wash tanks, a final stage of manual cleaning known as mucking, is usually performed.[2] Mucking requires protocols for entry into confined spaces and the use of airline respirators, protective clothing and safety observers.[2] Tank cleaning is dangerous in a number of ways. While tank barges can be cleaned in port, shipboard tanks are generally cleaned at sea.[2] This is largely due to risks of fire and explosion inside the tanks.[2] History The first automated tank cleaning machine was invented by Arthur Butterworth and patented in 1920.[4] His goal was to limit the amount of time that workers had to spend inside tanks, and partially relieve them of a dangerous and laborious job.[4] In 1925, Butterworth established a company to market the machine.[4] Standard Oil New Jersey bought the company in 1930, and it later became a subsidiary of the Exxon Corporation.[4] In 1986, as part of an internal restructuring at Exxon, the Butterworth company was sold to Exxon management.[4] Today the company is privately held, and headquartered in Houston, Texas.[4] See also Nautical portal Oil tanker Chemical tanker Notes ^ a b c d e f g Butterworth, Inc., 2007 ^ a b c d e OSHA, 2008. ^ a b c d e f Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-12. ^ a b c d e f Butterworth, Inc., 2001, About Us. References Hayler, William B.; Keever, John M. (2003). American Merchant Seaman's Manual. Cornell Maritime Pr. ISBN 0-87033-549-9. Huber, Mark (2001). Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC). Cambridge, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-528-6. International Chamber of Shipping (1996). International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT). New York: Hyperion Books. ISBN 1-85609-081-7. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) (2008-01-30). "Process: Tank Cleaning". Shipbuilding and Ship Repair - Hazards and Solutions. Department of Labor. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/shipbuildingrepair/tankcleaning.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-08. Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980). Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook (4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87038-056-X. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) (2008-01-30). "Process: Tank Cleaning". Shipbuilding and Ship Repair - Hazards and Solutions. Department of Labor. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/shipbuildingrepair/tankcleaning.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-08. Butterworth, Inc. (2001). "About Us". Butterworth Tank Cleaning Systems. Butterworth, Inc.. http://www.butterworth.com/about.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-09. Butterworth, Inc. (2001). "Butterworth Tank Cleaning Machines". Butterworth, Inc.. http://www.butterworth.com/TCM.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-09. Butterworth, Inc. (2007-01-14). "Tank Cleaning Machine, Type K/SK/SSK". Product Data Sheets. Butterworth, Inc.. 1-2....(and so on)
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For other uses, see Noodle (disambiguation). Misua noodle making in Lukang, Taiwan A noodle is food made from unleavened dough that is cooked in a boiling liquid. Depending upon the type, noodles may be dried or refrigerated before cooking. The word noodle derives from the German Nudel (noodle) and may be related to the Latin word nodus (knot). In American English, noodle is a generic term for unleavened dough made from many different types of ingredients. Noodles exist in an abundance of shapes. The first written account of noodles is from the East Han Dynasty between AD 25 and 220. In October 2005, the oldest noodles yet discovered were found at the Lajia site (Qijia culture) along the Yellow River in Qinghai, China. The 4,000-year-old noodles appear to have been made from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet.[1].[2] Contents 1 Types of noodles by primary ingredient 1.1 Millet 1.2 Wheat 1.3 Rice 1.4 Mung bean 1.5 Potato or canna starch 1.6 Buckwheat 1.7 Acorn 2 Types of noodle dishes 3 See also 4 References // Types of noodles by primary ingredient Wide, uncooked egg noodles. Millet Oldest known prehistoric noodles, from 2000 BC (see Chinese noodles). Indian ragi noodles, made from finger millet flour Wheat Handmade short, thick small German noodles called sp?tzle Ch?ka men (???): Japanese for "Chinese noodles", used for ramen, chanpon and yakisoba Lamian (??): hand pulled Kyrgyz and Chinese noodles. The Japanese variant of this noodle is called ramen. Mee pok (??): flat, yellow Chinese noodles, popular in Southeast Asia Pasta: approximately 350 variants of Italian S?men (????): very thin Japanese wheat noodles Sp?tzle: a Swabian type of noodle made of wheat and eggs Udon (???): thick Japanese wheat noodles Rice Flat or Thick rice noodles, also known as hé–?n or ho fun (??), kway teow or sen yai (????????) Rice vermicelli: thin rice noodles, also known as m?f?n (??) or bee hoon or sen mee (????????) Mung bean Cellophane noodles, also known as glass noodles, sweet potato Vermicelli or bean vermicelli. f?ns? (??) in Chinese, harusame(??) in Japanese, soun or suun in Indonesian, wun sen (????????) in Thai. The principal ingredient of the Korean recipe Jap Chae Potato or canna starch Cellophane noodles can also be made from potato starch or canna starch or various starches of the same genre. Gnocchi, small Italian dumplings. Halu?ky, small Slovak dumplings made of grated potatoes and wheat flour (and sometimes egg), usually made with sheep's cheese, sauer cabbage, or tvaroh (cottage cheese/curd), and fried bacon. Buckwheat Makguksu (???), local specialty of Gangwon Province in South Korea Naengmyeon (??): Korean noodles made of buckwheat and sweet potato starch. Slightly more chewy than soba. Soba (??): Japanese buckwheat noodles Pizzoccheri: Italian buckwheat noodles from Valtellina, usually served with a melted cheese sauce. Acorn Acorn noodles, also known as dotori guksu (?????) in Korean, are made of acorn meal, wheat flour, wheat germ and salt. Types of noodle dishes Basic noodles: These are cooked in water or broth, then drained. Other foods can be added (for example a pasta sauce) or the noodles are added to other foods (see fried noodles or lasagna) or the noodles can be served plain with a dipping sauce or oil to be added at the table. In general, noodles are soft and absorb flavors. Chilled noodles: noodles are sometimes served in a salad. An example is the Thai glass noodle salad Fried noodles: dishes made of noodles stir fried with various meats, seafood or vegetables. Typical examples include chow mein, lo mein, mee goreng, hokkien mee, some varieties of pancit, yakisoba and pad thai. Noodle soup: noodles served in broth. Examples are ph?, beef noodle soup, ramen, laksa, saimin and batchoy, and chicken noodle soup. See also Look up noodle inWiktionary, the free dictionary. Food portal Ph? Chinese noodles Cup noodles Frozen noodles Instant noodles Japanese noodles Korean noodles Philippine noodles (pancit) Shirataki noodles: Japanese noodles with very low carbohydrates References ^ "Oldest noodles unearthed in China", BBC News, 12 October 2005. ^ Food reference Categories: Pasta | Noodles | Staple foods Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from June 2008(and so on)
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(Redirected from Safe (House episode)) House episode "Safe" Episode no. HOU-216 Airdate April 4, 2006 Writer(s) Peter Blake Director(s) Felix Alcala Guest star(s) Michelle Trachtenberg as MelindaJake McDorman as DanMel Harris as Mrs. Murdoch Final diagnosis Tick paralysis House Season 2 September 2005 - May 2006 Acceptance Autopsy Humpty Dumpty TB or Not TB Daddy's Boy Spin Hunting The Mistake Deception Failure to Communicate Need to Know Distractions Skin Deep Sex Kills Clueless Safe All In Sleeping Dogs Lie House vs. God Euphoria, Part 1 Euphoria, Part 2 Forever Who's Your Daddy? No Reason Episode chronology Previous "Clueless" Next "All In" "Safe" is the sixteenth episode of the second season of House, which premiered on the FOX network on April 4, 2006. Plot The episode starts out with Melinda's boyfriend, Dan, visiting her at her house. Her mother, Mrs. Bardach, tells Dan to make sure he's washed his hands, up to the elbows. When Dan meets Melinda and kisses her, she goes into anaphylaxis even though it was a clean room (though she had urticaria on her left forearm beforehand). Mrs. Bardach saves her via the use of an EpiPen, blames Dan, and takes her to the hospital. At the hospital it is revealed that Melinda has a transplant heart operation after her chest was crushed in a car accident. Thus, with a now poor immune system she has to be kept in a constantly clean environment. Suspicions arise regarding whether Dan has been sneaking into her house. House and his team discover that Dan has been taking penicillin which Melinda is allergic to. Melinda starts having heart problems, followed by paralysis (steppage gait) and none of the treatments seem to be working. House believes that all these symptoms have been caused by a tick or other bug, currently injecting trace amounts of venom into her bloodstream. During an elevator ride House stops the elevator and proceeds to look for the tick. He finds it in her vagina and removes it. Finally, Melinda's health returns. Side stories include House playing the hand in warm water trick on Wilson, making him urinate on House's sofa and Wilson filing at House's cane so that House breaks his cane and trips when walking. External links FOX.com-House official site Television Without Pity-House recaps House Episode Guide at epguides.com TVGuide's Page: Full list of House Episodes House M.D. Guide Safe at the Internet Movie Database Medical Reviews of House: Safe v?d?e Portal Episodes Awards Soundtrack Quotes Category Main characters Dr. Gregory House Dr. Lisa Cuddy Dr. James Wilson Dr. Allison Cameron Dr. Robert Chase Dr. Eric Foreman Dr. Remy "Thirteen" Hadley Dr. Chris Taub Dr. Lawrence Kutner Minor characters Edward Vogler Stacy Warner Mark Warner Michael Tritter Amber Volakis Executive producers Paul Attanasio Katie Jacobs David Shore Bryan Singer Cast Hugh Laurie Lisa Edelstein Omar Epps Robert Sean Leonard Jennifer Morrison Jesse Spencer Peter Jacobson Kal Penn Olivia Wilde Categories: House (TV series) episodes | 2006 television episodes(and so on)
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Glass cutter, showing hardened steel cutting wheel (far left), notches for snapping, and ball (on end of handle) for tapping A glass cutter is a hand tool which aids in the cutting (strictly, the controlled breaking) of flat or sheet glass. The wheel is usually about 5mm in diameter and made of hardened steel or tungsten carbide with its edge ground to a V-section. Cutting glass by hand is usually reserved for small, one-time jobs. A computer-assisted CNC semi-automatic glass cutting table is usually used to score large sheets of glass, which are then broken out by hand into the individual lites. Only annealed, and not tempered glass can be cut. Cutting process The cutter, or in some cases the glass, is generously lubricated with light oil (cutting oil) or paraffin. Then the cutter is pressed tightly against the glass and a line is scribed with the help of a ruler to form a split in the surface of the glass. This split is referred to as a score. The score may then be widened by carefully tapping on the opposite side of the glass with a hard tool, but this reduces the smoothness of the broken edge. Finally, the glass is broken along the score. After breaking, the cut edge of the glass is usually polished to smooth the rough edges. If the break deviates from the score, the lite can often be salvaged by snapping off the extra glass with a special pair of pliers or using the notches in the glass cutter. Glass thickness also affects the ability to cut and break glass. Generally, thicker glass is more difficult to cut and break. Quarter inch plate glass requires considerable strength to break along the score. Extremely thin glass, for example 1/16 inch glass, behaves differently and will often not follow the score, regardless of the glass cutter's expertise and experience. Breaking methods Three methods are usually used to break the glass along the score. In the first method, the operator uses two hands and holds the edge of the glass, perpendicular to the score, with the forefingers under the glass and the thumbs on top. The operator then rotates both hands outward to break the glass along the line. The second method consists of placing one finger underneath the sheet of glass, directly under the scribed line, and in one smooth motion, lifting the edge of the glass and giving it a small push horizontally. The second method is quicker than the first, but requires more practice. These two methods are usually used when breaking glass on a glass cutting table that lifts the glass gently by forcing air up through the table. The third method is used with smaller sheets of glass, and consists of placing the score along the edge of the table and snapping the overhanging part of the glass in a downward motion. With some experience, the break will occur along the score. See also Cutting Computer numerical control (CNC) v?d?eGlass forming techniques Commercial techniques Float glass process Blowing and pressing (containers) Extrusion / Drawing (fibers, glasswool) Drawing (optical fibers) Precision glass moulding Overflow downdraw method Pressing Casting Cutting Flame polishing Chemical polishing Diamond turning Rolling Artistic and historic techniques Beadmaking Blowing Blown plate Broad sheet Caneworking Crown glass Cylinder blown sheet Engraving Etching Fourcault process Fusing Lampworking Machine drawn cylinder sheet Millefiori Polished plate Slumping Stained glass fusing Stained glass production See also Glossary of glass art terms v?d?eTypes of tools Cutting tools Adze Axe Billhook Blade Bolt cutter Broach Ceramic tile cutter Countersink Diamond blade Diamond tool Drill bit Endmill Froe Knife Machete Milling cutter Razor Reamer Saw Scalpel Scissors Splitting maul Switchblade Tool bit Utility knife Water jet cutter Garden tools Cultivator Garden fork Hedge trimmer Hoe Hori hori Irrigation sprinkler Lawn aerator Lawn mower Lawn sweeper Leaf blower Loppers Mattock McLeod Pitchfork Plough (plow) Pruning shears (Secateurs) Pulaski Rake Rotary tiller Scythe Spade String trimmer Hand tools Block plane BNC inserter/remover Brace Card scraper Chisel Clamp Coping saw Fretsaw Glass cutter Hacksaw Hammer Hand saw Locking pliers Mallet Pickaxe Pipe wrench Plane Pliers Punch Screwdriver Spirit level Sponge Torque wrench Wrench Power tools Band saw Belt sander Chainsaw Circular saw Concrete saw Crusher Drill Grinding machine Heat gun Impact wrench Jigsaw Jointer Lathe Nail gun Planer Radial arm saw Random orbital sander Reciprocating saw Rotary tool Sander Scroll saw Table saw Thickness planer Wood router Other Antique tools Ladder Thau claw Toolbox Categories: Cutting tools | Glass forming Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from November 2008 | All articles lacking sources(and so on)
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A Ziploc bag Zipper storage bags, were patented by Robert W. Vergobbi on May 18, 1954.[1] In the same year, Minigrip licensed them as pencil bags.[2] Not until 1968 did Dow Chemical Company (already known for Styrofoam and Saran Wrap) begin marketing for them. Design alterations have allowed for applications beyond household food storage.[3] The bags are known more commonly under the genericized trademark Ziploc. References ^ United States Patent 6471402 - Formed stacking element integral with plastic storage bags ^ minigripdirect.com ^ Zipper Bags For Industrial and Commercial Use This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Bags | Packaging | Food storage | Technology stubs(and so on)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007) "Copier" redirects here. For the piece of photography equipment, see slide copier. A Xerox copier in a high school library. Part of the series on theHistory of printing Woodblock printing 200 Movable type 1040 Intaglio 1430s Printing press 1454 Lithography 1796 Chromolithography 1837 Rotary press 1843 Flexography 1873 Mimeograph 1876 Hot metal typesetting 1886 Offset press 1903 Screen-printing 1907 Dye-sublimation 1957 Phototypesetting 1960s Photocopier 1960s Pad printing 1960s Laser printer 1969 Dot matrix printer 1970 Thermal printer Inkjet printer 1976 3D printing 1986 Stereolithography 1986 Digital press 1993 v?d?e A photocopier (or copier) is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply. Most current photocopiers use a technology called xerography, a dry process using heat. (Copiers can also use other output technologies such as ink jet, but xerography is standard for office copying.) Xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox in the 1960s, and over the following 20 years it gradually replaced copies made by Verifax, Photostat, carbon paper, mimeograph machines, and other duplicating machines. The prevalence of its use is one of the factors that prevented the development of the paperless office heralded early in the digital revolution. Photocopying is widely used in business, education, and government. There have been many predictions that photocopiers will eventually become obsolete as information workers continue to increase their digital document creation and distribution, and rely less on distributing actual pieces of paper. However, photocopiers are undeniably more convenient than computers for the very common task of creating a copy of a piece of paper. Contents 1 How a photocopier works (using xerography) 2 History 2.1 Color photocopiers 2.2 Digital technology 3 Copyright issues 4 Health issues 5 Forensic identification 6 Current brands 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 External links // How a photocopier works (using xerography) Main article: Xerography Schematic overview of the xerographic photocopying process (step 1-4) Charging: The surface of a cylindrical drum is electrostatically charged by either a high voltage wire called a corona wire or a charge roller. The drum has a coating of a photoconductive material. A photoconductor is a semiconductor that becomes conductive when exposed to light[1]. Exposure: A bright lamp illuminates the original document, and the white areas of the original document reflect the light onto the surface of the photoconductive drum. The areas of the drum that are exposed to light (those areas that correspond to white areas of the original document) become conductive and therefore discharge to ground. The area of the drum not exposed to light (those areas that correspond to black portions of the original document) remain negatively charged. The result is a latent electrical image on the surface of the drum. (In digital machines, the original document is scanned and digitized and a laser is employed to discharge the drum in a similar fashion) Developing: The toner is positively charged. When it is applied to the drum to develop the image, it is attracted and sticks to the areas that are negatively charged (black areas), just as paper sticks to a toy balloon with a static charge. Transfer: The resulting toner image on the surface of the drum is transferred from the drum onto a piece of paper with a higher negative charge than the drum. Fusing: The toner is melted and bonded to the paper by heat and pressure rollers. Cleaning: The drum is wiped clean with a rubber blade and completely discharged by light. This example is of a negatively charged drum and paper, and positively charged toner as is common in today's digital copiers. Some copiers, mostly older analog copiers, employ a positively charged drum and paper, and negatively charged toner. History In 1937, Bulgarian physicist Georgi Nadjakov found that, when placed into an electric field and exposed to light, some dielectrics acquire permanent electric polarization in the exposed areas[2]. That polarization persists in the dark and is destroyed in light. Chester Carlson, the inventor of photocopying, was originally a patent attorney, as well as a part-time researcher and inventor. His job at the patent office in New York required him to make a large number of copies of important papers. Carlson, who was arthritic, found this to be a painful and tedious process. This motivated motivated him to conduct experiments with photoconductivity. Carlson used his kitchen for his "electrophotography" experiments, and, in 1938, he applied for a patent for the process. He made the first photocopy using a zinc plate covered with sulfur. The words "10-22-38 Astoria" were written on a microscope slide, which was placed on top of more sulfur and under a bright light. After the slide was removed, a mirror image of the words remained. Carlson tried to sell his invention to some companies, but failed because the process was still underdeveloped. At the time, multiple copies were most commonly made at the point of document origination, using carbon paper or manual duplicating machines, and people did not see the need for an electronic machine. Between 1939 and 1944, Carlson was turned down by over 20 companies, including IBM and General Electric—neither of which believed there was a significant market for copiers. In 1944, the Battelle Memorial Institute, a non-profit organization in Columbus, Ohio, contracted with Carlson to refine his new process. Over the next five years, the institute conducted experiments to improve the process of electrophotography. In 1947, Haloid Corporation (a small New York-based manufacturer and seller of photographic paper) approached Battelle to obtain a license to develop and market a copying machine based on this technology. Haloid felt that the word "electrophotography" was too complicated and did not have good recall value. After consulting a professor of classical language at Ohio State University, Haloid and Carlson changed the name of the process to "Xerography," which was derived from Greek words that meant "dry writing." Haloid called the new copier machines "Xerox Machines" and, in 1948, the word "Xerox" was trademarked. Haloid eventually changed its name to Xerox Corporation. In 1949, Xerox Corporation introduced the first xerographic copier called the Model A. Xerox became so successful that, in North America, photocopying came to be popularly known as "xeroxing." Xerox has actively fought to prevent "Xerox" from becoming a genericized trademark. While the word "Xerox" has appeared in some dictionaries as a synonym for photocopying, Xerox Corporation typically requests that such entries be modified, and that people not use the term "Xerox" in this way. Some languages include hybrid terms, such as the widely used Polish term kserokopia ("xerocopy"), even though relatively few photocopiers are of the Xerox brand. In the early 1950s, Radio Corporation of America (RCA) introduced a variation on the process called Electrofax, whereby images are formed directly on specially coated paper and rendered with a toner dispersed in a liquid. During the 1960s and through the 1980s, Savin Corporation developed and sold a line of liquid-toner copiers that implemented a technology based on patents held by the company. Prior to the widespread adoption of xerographic copiers, photo-direct copies produced by machines such as Kodak's Verifax were used. A primary obstacle associated with the pre-xerographic copying technologies was the high cost of supplies: a Verifax print required supplies costing USD $0.15 in 1969, while a Xerox print could be made for USD $0.03 including paper and labor. At that time, Thermofax photocopying machines in libraries could make letter-sized copies for USD $0.25 or more (at a time when the minimum wage for a US worker was USD $1.65). Xerographic copier manufacturers took advantage of a high perceived-value of the 1960s and early 1970s, and marketed paper that was "specially designed" for xerographic output. By the end of the 1970s, paper producers made xerographic "runability" one of the requirements for most of their office paper brands. Some devices sold as photocopiers have replaced the drum-based process with inkjet or transfer film technology. Among the key advantages of photocopiers over earlier copying technologies are their ability: to use plain (untreated) office paper, to implement duplex (or two-sided) printing, and eventually, to sort and/or staple output. Color photocopiers Colored toner became available in the 1950s, although full-color copiers were not commercially available until 3M released the Color-in-Color copier in 1968, which used a dye sublimation process rather than conventional electrostatic technology. The first electrostatic color copier was released by Canon in 1973. Color photocopying is a concern to governments, as it facilitates counterfeiting currency. Some countries have incorporated anti-counterfeiting technologies into their currency specifically to make it harder to use a color photocopier for counterfeiting. These technologies include watermarks, microprinting, holograms, tiny security strips made of plastic (or other material), and ink that appears to change color as the currency is viewed at an angle. Some photocopying machines contain special software that can prevent copying currency that contains a special pattern. Digital technology In recent years[when?], all new photocopiers have adopted digital technology, thus replacing the older analog technology. With digital copying, the copier effectively consists of an integrated scanner and laser printer. This design has several advantages, such as automatic image quality enhancement and the ability to "build jobs" (that is, to scan page images independently of the process of printing them). Some digital copiers can function as high-speed scanners; such models typically offer the ability to send documents via email or to make them available on file servers. A great advantage of digital copier technology is "automatic digital collation." For example, when copying a set of 20 pages 20 times, a digital copier scans each page only once, then uses the stored information to produce 20 sets. In an analog copier, either each page is scanned 20 times (a total of 400 scans), making one set at a time, or 20 separate output trays are used for the 20 sets. Low-end copiers also use digital technology, but tend to consist of a standard PC scanner coupled to an inkjet or low-end laser printer, both of which are far slower than their counterparts in high-end copiers. However, low-end scanner-inkjets can provide color copying at a far lower cost than can a traditional color copier. The cost of electronics is such that combined scanner-printers sometimes have built-in fax machines. (See Multifunction printer.) Copyright issues Photocopying material that is subject to copyright (such as books or scientific papers) is subject to restrictions in most countries. This is common practice, as the cost of purchasing a book for the sake of one article or a few pages can be excessive. The principle of fair use (in the United States) or fair dealing (in other Berne Convention countries) allows this type of copying for research purposes. In certain countries, such as Canada, some universities pay royalties from each photocopy made at university copy machines and copy centers to copyright collectives out of the revenues from the photocopying, and these collectives distribute resulting funds to various scholarly publishers. In the United States, photocopied compilations of articles, handouts, graphics, and other information called readers are often required texts for college classes. Either the instructor or the copy center is responsible for clearing copyright for every article in the reader, and attribution information must be clearly included in the reader. Health issues Exposure to ultraviolet light is a concern. In the early days of photocopiers, the sensitizing light source was filtered green to match the optimal sensitivity of the photoconductive surface. This filtering conveniently removed all ultraviolet [3]. Currently, a variety of light sources are used. As glass transmits ultraviolet rays between 325 and 400 nanometers, copiers with ultraviolet-producing lights such as fluorescent, tungsten halogen, or xenon flash, expose documents to some ultraviolet [4]. Concerns about emissions from photocopy machines have been expressed by some in connection with the use of selenium and emissions of ozone and fumes from heated toner [5][6]. However, these concerns may be due to misunderstanding or exaggeration [7]. Forensic identification Main article: Printer steganography Similar to forensic identification of typewriters, computer printers and copiers can be traced by imperfections in their output. The mechanical tolerances of the toner and paper feed mechanisms cause banding, which can reveal information about the individual device's mechanical properties. It is often possible to identify the manufacturer and brand, and, in some cases, the individual printer can be identified from a set of known printers by comparing their outputs. [8] [9] Some high-quality color printers and copiers steganographically embed their identification code into the printed pages, as fine and almost invisible patterns of yellow dots. Some sources identify Xerox and Canon as companies doing this [10] [11]. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) has investigated[12] this issue and documented how the Xerox DocuColor printer's serial number, as well as the date and time of the printout, are encoded in a repeating 8?5 dot pattern in the yellow channel. EFF is working to reverse engineer additional printers. The US government has been reported to have asked these companies to implement such a tracking scheme, so that counterfeiting can be traced. Current brands Canon Gestetner, owned by Ricoh Hewlett Packard Konica Minolta Kyocera Mita, including its Copystar brand Lanier, owned by Ricoh Oc? including its Oc?Imagistics brand Oki Electric Industry, OKI Printing Solutions brand Panasonic Rex-Rotary, owned by Ricoh Ricoh Samsung Savin, owned by Ricoh Sharp Toshiba Xerox / Fuji Xerox partnered companies with non-overlapping marketing areas Further reading R. Schaffert: Electrophotography. Focal Press, 1975 Owen, David (August 2004). Copies in Seconds: How a Lone Inventor and an Unknown Company Created the Biggest Communication Breakthrough Since Gutenberg: Chester Carlson and the Birth of the Xerox Machine. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0743251172. See also Duplicating machines List of duplicating processes Multifunctional copier Negative photocopy Printing Risograph External links Detailed description and simulation of the electrophotographic print process How a colour copier works Categories: Office equipment | Computer peripherals Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from August 2007 | Vague or ambiguous time These info's feature products include:
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Crows, 1766; pair of six-fold screens; ink and gold on paper. Maruyama ?kyo (1733?795; ????, traditional characters: ????), born Maruyama Masataka, was a Japanese artist active in the late 18th century. He moved to Kyoto, during which he studied artworks from Chinese, Japanese and Western sources. A personal style of Western naturalism mixed with Eastern decorative design emerged, and ?kyo founded the Maruyama school of painting. Although many of his fellow artists criticized his work as too slavishly devoted to natural representation, it proved a success with laymen. Contents 1 Early career 2 Success 3 Maruyama school 4 Style 5 Notes 6 References // Early career ?kyo was born into a farming family in Ano-o, in present-day Kameoka, Kyoto. As a teenager, he moved to Kyoto and joined the townspeople (ch?nin) class. He apprenticed for a toy shop, where he painted the faces onto dolls. The shop began selling European stereoscopes, novelties that when looked into presented the illusion of a three-dimensional image. It was ?kyo's first look at Western-style perspective,[1] and in 1767 he tried his hand at one of the images. He created Harbour View, a small picture in single-point perspective. ?kyo soon mastered the techniques of drawing stereoscope images (Japanese: megane-e, eyeglass pictures).[1] ?kyo decided to pursue a career as an artist. He first studied under Ishida Y?tei, a member of the Kan? school and ultimately a bigger influence on ?kyo than the stereoscope images.[2] During these formative years, ?kyo studied Chinese painting as well. He particularly admired the works of Ch'ien Hsüan, a 13th century painter known for his detailed flower drawings, and Ch'iu Ying, a 16th century figure painter.[3] In fact, the "kyo" in ?kyo's name was adopted in tribute to Ch'ien Hsüan. ?kyo even briefly adopted the Chinese practice of signing his name with one character, so for a time he was known as ?kyo En.[3] He studied the works of Shen Nan-p'in, a Chinese artist who lived in Nagasaki from 1731 to 1733 and painted images of flowers.[1] However, ?kyo did not like the artist's treatment of proportion, preferring the works of Watanabe Shik?.[4] He also studied Ming and Ch'ing paintings.[5] Perhaps most significantly, ?kyo eagerly studied any Western paintings or prints he could find. Success ?kyo's first major commission came in 1768 from Y?j?, abbot of a temple in ?tsu called Enman'in. Over the next three years, ?kyo painted The Seven Misfortunes and Seven Fortunes, a depiction of the results of both bad and good karma. The three scrolls total about 148 ft (45 m) in length. ?kyo tried to find models for the people depicted in them, even for the shocking images such as a man being ripped in two by frightened bulls.[6] His introduction to the work states that he believed that people needed to see reality, not imaginary images of Nirvana or Hell, if they were to truly believe in Buddhist principles.[7] Pine Trees, c. 1780; pair of six-fold screens. Other painters were critical of ?kyo's style. They found it to be overly concerned with physical appearances, alleging that he was too beholden to the real world and produced undignified works.[5] Nevertheless, his style proved popular with the public, and commissions came in to do Western-style landscapes, decorative screens, and nudes. He did life drawings and used them for material in his paintings.[8] In fact, ?kyo was probably the first Japanese artist to do life drawings from nude models.[1] The subject was still considered pornographic in Japan.[3] During his career he painted for wealthy merchants, the shogunate, even the emperor.[9] The public's perception of ?kyo's skill is evident in a legend recounted by Van Briessen. The story goes that a daimyo commissioned ?kyo to paint a "ghost image" of a lost family member. Once the work was completed, the ghost image came off the painting and flew away.[10] Maruyama school Success prompted ?kyo to start a school in Kyoto, where he could teach his new style. He was a talented art teacher,[9] and he soon took on many students. He taught them to rely on nature to render images in a realistic picture of light, shadow, and forms. The school grew popular, and branches soon appeared in other locations, including Osaka. Much of the school's work is today preserved at Daij?-ji, a temple in Kasumi (Hy?go Prefecture). Noteworthy pupils include ?kyo's son, Maruyama ?zui, Nagasawa Rosetsu, and Matsumura Goshun. Goshun joined ?kyo's school in 1787. That year, the Maruyama school took a commission to paint screens for Daij?-ji. Later that year, Kyoto suffered a devastating fire, so ?kyo and Goshun moved into a temple called Kiunin. The two became fast friends, and ?kyo refused to regard their relationship as that of a teacher and student.[11] Goshun later went on to found the Shij? school. Style Peacock and Peahen; hanging scroll; color on silk ?kyo's painting style merged a tranquil version of Western naturalism with the Eastern decorative painting of the Kan? school.[12] His works show a Western understanding of highlight and shadow.[12] His realism differed from previous Japanese schools in its devotion to nature as the ultimate source with no regard for sentiment. ?kyo's intricately detailed plant and animal sketches show a great influence from European nature drawings. An album of leaves in the Nishimura Collection in Kyoto (now in handscroll form) depicts several animals and plants, each labeled as if in European guidebook.[13] Still, ?kyo's works remain Japanese. Unlike European painting, ?kyo's images have very few midtones. Moreover, he follows the Eastern tradition in depicting objects with very little setting; often his pictures feature a single subject on a plain background.[5] The result is a more immediate naturalism[5] with a decorative and reflective feel.[8] This was achieved through skillful brush handling; ?kyo painted with a broad, flat brush, which he would load with more paint on one side. This created broad strokes that vary in paint coverage.[14] Nature was not his only subject; many works by ?kyo depict normal scenes from life in Kyoto's commercial area.[2] Dragon His Geese Alighting on Water, painted at Enman'in, ?tsu in 1767, is an early example of his mature style. The subject is treated as a part of nature; nothing philosophical is implied as had been done with such imagery in the East Asian tradition.[3] Likewise, Kingfisher and Trout, painted in 1769, features a bird near the top of the image, waiting for a fish. The trout swims under a large rock near the center. Bird, fish, and stone all appear as they do in nature, creating a matter-of-fact, comprehensible, and natural-looking piece.[3] Later in his ouvre, Pine Trees in Snow, executed in 1773 for the wealthy Mitsui family, is realistic despite being in the Japanese idiom of ink on a gold background. The two six-panel screens show tree bark and pine needles separated by differing brush strokes, and the white snow seems to weigh down the branches.[15] The bark is painted in the tsuketate technique, which uses no outlines, just dark and light shades to create the illusion of volume.[6] Hozu Rapids, painted in 1795, is one of ?kyo's later works. On two eight-fold screens it depicts a tree and a cluster of rocks with some dragons. The work thus shows ?kyo's ability to render the natural elements in a convincingly realistic fashion. However, the dragons, according to art critics such as Paine, demonstrate a weakness; they are treated academically, thus losing their grand, legendary essence.[16] Notes ^ a b c d Sullivan 16. ^ a b Mason 319. ^ a b c d e Paine 226. ^ Paine 225-6. ^ a b c d Noma 150. ^ a b Mason 320. ^ Mason 319-20. ^ a b Sadao 223. ^ a b Paine 228. ^ Van Briessen 27. ^ Mason 322. ^ a b Sadao 214. ^ Sullivan 16, 18. ^ Paine 225. ^ Paine 227. ^ Paine 227-8. References Mason, Penelope (2005). History of Japanese Art. 2nd ed, rev. by Dinwiddie, Donald. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Noma, Seiroku (1966). The Arts of Japan: Late Medieval to Modern. Kodansha International. Paine, Robert Treat, and Soper, Alexander (1981). The Art and Architecture of Japan. 3rd ed. Penguin Books Ltd. Sadao, Tsuneko S., and Wada, Stephanie (2003). Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview. New York: Kodansha America, Inc. Sullivan, Michael (1989). The Meeting of Eastern and Western Art. Berkeley: The University of California Press. Van Briessen, Fritz (1998). The Way of the Brush: Painting Techniques of China and Japan. North Clarendon, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing. Categories: 1733 births | 1795 deaths | Japanese Buddhists | Japanese painters Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese language text These info's feature products include:
OvaltineThese info's related products include: Cold Storage Container roll off container gantry crane container freight shipping container hinged lid container Plastic Beverage Container Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers collapsible water container Lpg Storage Tank Plastic Packaging Containers intermediate bulk container cargo shipping containers Metal Tin Containers Large Plastic Storage Containers Glass Candy Containers
Ovaltine A pack of ready-to-drink Ovaltine. Note: A different packaging and trade dress is used for Ovaltine in the United States. Type Cocoa-flavored dairy drink Manufacturer Associated British Foods(Nestl?in the United States) Country of origin Switzerland Introduced 1904 Variants Chocolate Malt, Malt, Rich Chocolate Related products Hot chocolate, Nestl?Nesquik, Horlicks Ovaltine is a brand of milk flavoring product made with sugar (except in Switzerland), malt extract, cocoa, and whey. Ovaltine, a registered trademark of Associated British Foods, is made by Wander AG, a subsidiary of Twinings which acquired the brand from Novartis in 2003. Contents 1 History 2 International appeal 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 External links // History A jar of Ovaltine from the UK (2006), a mug of ovaltine made with hot milk and a tablespoon of the powder. Ovaltine was developed in Switzerland, where it is known by its original name, Ovomaltine (from ovum, Latin for "egg", and malt, originally its main ingredients). Ovomaltine was exported to England in 1909; it was a misspelling in the trademark registration process that led to the name being truncated to Ovaltine in English-speaking markets. A factory was built in England for Ovaltine's manufacture, and the English factory exported to the United States as well. By 1915, Ovaltine was being manufactured in Villa Park, Illinois, for the American market. Originally advertised as consisting solely of "malt, milk, eggs, flavored with cocoa", the formulation has changed over the decades (at one point containing irradiated yeast in the US), and today several different formulations are sold in different parts of the world. The popular chocolate malt version is a powder-like substance which is mixed with hot or cold milk as a beverage. It is essentially a chocolate drink mix with the addition of malt extract, and sometimes fortified with vitamins. Malt Ovaltine (a version without cocoa), and Rich Chocolate Ovaltine (a version without malt) are also available in some markets. Ovaltine has also been available in the form of chocolate bars, chocolate Easter eggs, parfait, cookies and breakfast cereals. In the last case, it is the brand name that connects the cereals with the chocolate drink. Ovaltine also manufactured PDQ Chocolate Flavor Beads, PDQ Choco Chips and Egg Nog Flavored PDQ, which are no longer available. These drink mixes were very popular in the 1960s and 1970s. Ovaltine discontinued the PDQ products about 1995 or 1996. The U.S. children's radio series Little Orphan Annie (1931?940) and Captain Midnight (1938?949) were sponsored by Ovaltine. They had promotions in which listeners could save proofs-of-purchase from Ovaltine jars to obtain radio premiums, like "secret decoder ring" badges or pins that could be used to decode messages in the program. Kids from the time may remember that "Ovaltine" is an anagram for "Vital One". Villa Park, Illinois, was home to the Ovaltine factory until the company's purchase and withdrawal in 1988. The Villa Park Historical Society maintains a permanent exhibit of Ovaltine advertising and memorabilia. International appeal In Hong Kong, like Horlicks, Ovaltine is known as a caf?drink. It is served at cha chaan tengs as well as fast-food shops such as Caf?de Coral and Maxim's Express. It can be served hot or cold, and ice is added if a cold drink is desired. The powder itself in Hong Kong is sold without added sugar, to be sweetened to taste by the consumer. In Brazil, it is very common to mix it with vanilla ice cream. The Ovomaltine brand is highly recognizable in Switzerland, and Wander managed to associate the brand with skiing and snowboarding in particular. Ovaltine was also very popular in Britain, and was manufactured at Kings Langley in Hertfordshire. The Arts and Crafts style Ovaltine factory there is a well-known local landmark and listed building. Production ceased in the early 1990s and the factory building is now being redeveloped as apartments. Near the factory was a health farm run by the Ovaltine works which was set up as a model farm and a health resort for disadvantaged children, which operated through to the 1960s. Later, the farm land was sold off and is now largely occupied by the M25 motorway. The Ovaltine Egg Farm is now the site of Renewable Energy Systems Ltd and the site of the first wind turbine visible from the M25. In October 2002, the food and drinks division of Novartis, the maker of Ovaltine, was bought by Associated British Foods. ABF currently produces Ovaltine in Switzerland, China, Thailand, and the Philippines. In the United States, Nestl?manufactures Ovaltine under license. In Malaysia, Ovaltine has lost its popularity to Nestl?Milo. Ovaltine is sold in tetra packs for cold serving and widely available in shops and supermarkets, yet it still maintains low profile compared to other beverages in the market. In Japan, Ovaltine was sold for a short period in the late 1970s by Calpis Industries (presently Calpis Co., Ltd.), but it was not a commercial success. Ovalteenies are round sweets made of compressed Ovaltine. Brazilian fast food chain Bob's offers both milkshakes and sundaes made with Ovaltine. In popular culture The television series Seinfeld makes several references to Ovaltine. Notably, it is a common subject of the stand-up comedy of character Kenny Bania. In The Fatigues, Jerry suggests that the product should be called "Roundtine" because it comes in a round container. The drink also appears in the Bollywood movie Pestonjee (1988), where it is the favorite drink of the titular character. In the movie A Christmas Story, Ralphie Parker gets a Little Orphan Annie secret decoder ring. He feels ripped off because the first thing he decodes is an Ovaltine radio commercial. In the classic Mel Brooks movie Young Frankenstein, Frau Blücher offers Victor Ovaltine before he goes to sleep. In popular USA television show Psych, Gus goes under code name Ovaltine Jenkins. In South Park TV series 10th season episode 1013 - Go God Go XII, Cartman calls himself from the future trying to restrain himself from freezing himself. Naturally Cartman from the past does not believe the call is for real, so the future Cartman tries to convince his past counterpart by telling that he had drunk some Ovaltine before leaving home. In the song You're the Top from the 1934 Cole Porter musical Anything Goes, a line reads "You're Keats, You're Shelley, You're Ovaltine!" See also Malted milk Horlicks Nestl?Milo Ovaltineys Ovalteenies Nesquik External links Ovomaltine in the online Culinary Heritage of Switzerland database. Official site (German language) UK Ovaltine site USA Ovaltine site Villa Park Historical Society's Ovaltine Exhibit What Is Ovaltine, Please? by Brendan I. Koerner v?d?eNestl?/br> Corporate directors Günter Blobel?Peter Brabeck-Letmathe?Edward George, Baron George?Nobuyuki Idei?Henri Nestlé· Kaspar Villiger Brands Worldwide 100 Grand Bar?Abuelita?Aero?After Eight?Alpo?Arrowhead Water?Baby Ruth?Beggin' Strips?Beneful?Bertie Beetle?Big Turk?Breakaway?Butterfinger?Caramac?Carnation?Caro?Cerelac?Chico babies?Chipwich?Goobers?Raisinets?Chokito?Chunky?Coffee Crisp?Coffee-Mate?Creamola Foam?Deer Park Spring Water Co.?Dog Chow?Drammens Is?Dreyer's?Drumstick?Eskimo Pie?Gerber?Hjem-IS?Hot Pockets?Ice Screamers?Jelly Tots?Jenny Craig?Juicy Juice?KLIM?La Lechera?Lean Cuisine?Lion Bar?Mackintosh's Toffee?Maggi?Maggi noodles?Matchmakers?Maverick?Maxibon?Menier Chocolate?Milkybar?Milo?Mirage?M?venpick?Munchies?Nescafé· Nespresso?Nesquik?Nestea?Nestle Fav*rites?Nestl?Crunch?Nestl?Pure Life?Nestl?Stixx?Nestl?Wonder Ball?Nido?ONE?Oompas?Ozarka?Parlour?Peppermint Crisp?Perrier?Perugina?Poland Spring?Polly Waffle?PowerBar?Pretzel flipz?Purina?Quality Street?Redskins?Rowntree's?Rowntree's Fruit Gums?Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles?San Pellegrino?Scorched Peanut Bar?Sin Parar?Sjora?Smarties?Sno-Caps?Spree?Stouffer's?Svitoch?Tender Vittles?Toffee Crisp?Toll House?Vice versas?Violet Crumble?Walnut Whip?The Willy Wonka Candy Company?Yorkie Worldwidewith exceptions Aquarel (Only Portugal, Spain and Brazil)?Cereal Partners Worldwide (not USA/Canada)?H?agen-Dazs1 (only USA/Canada)?Kit Kat2 (not USA)?Oh Henry!2 (not Canada)?Ovaltine3 (malt only in USA)?Rolo2 (not USA) 1 Brand owned by General Mills. 2 Local production rights owned by The Hershey Company. 3 Local rights and specific trade dress owned by Nestl? but not worldwide. See also Nestl?boycott?International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes Annual revenue ?98,5 billion CHF (8% profit)(2006)?Employees 305,000?Stock symbol SIX: NESN OTCBB: NSRGY?Website nestle.com Categories: Swiss cuisine | Hot cocoa | Brand name beverage products | Culinary Heritage of Switzerland These info's feature products include:
Tibetan cuisineThese info's related products include: bitter gourd tea rose oolong green tea peppermint 100% organic herbal tea milk thistle tea ginger honey tea chenille bedspread green bubble milk tea gino global green anchor hocking forest green dragon pearl tea liquid green tea Laser Pointer Green digital camera taiwan Pink And Green organic compost tea
(Redirected from Cuisine of Tibet) Thukpa, A Tibetan noodle dish Tibetan cuisine, is quite distinct from that of its neighbours, since only a few crops (not including rice) grow at such high altitude. The most important crop is barley. Dough made from barley flour, called tsampa, is the staple food of Tibet.[1] This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos. Meat dishes are likely to be yak, goat, or mutton, often dried, or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes. Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet, and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak yoghurt, butter and cheese are frequently eaten, and well-prepared yoghurt is considered something of a prestige item. Other Tibetan foods include: Balep korkun - a central Tibetan flatbread that is made on a skillet rather than in an oven. Momos - a type of steamed ravioli, a heavier version of the Chinese jiaozi Thenthuk - a type of cold-weather soup made with noodles and various vegetables. In larger Tibetan towns and cities many restaurants now serve Sichuan-style Chinese food. Western imports and fusion dishes, such as fried yak and chips, are also popular. Nevertheless, many small restaurants serving traditional Tibetan dishes persist in both cities and the countryside. Beverages Tibetan kitchen items. Note the small size of the butter churn, with shoulder strap, suitable for nomadic life. Field Museum Most Tibetans drink many cups of yak butter tea each day. Jasmine tea is also sometimes available. "Brick tea is made by methods only distantly related to those employed in China or Ceylon. When the water boils, a great handful of the stuff is crumbled into it and allowed to stew for between five and ten minutes, until the whole infusion is so opaque that it looks almost black. At this stage a pinch of salt is added; the Tibetans always put salt, never sugar, in their tea. I have been told that they sometimes add a little soda, in order to give the beverage a pinkish tinge, but I never saw this done in Sikang. They very seldom, on the other hand, drink tea without butter in it. If you are at home, you empty the saucepan into a big wooden churn, straining the tea through a colander made of reed or horsehair. Then you drop a large lump of butter into it, and, after being vigorously stirred,this brew is transferred to a huge copper teapot and put on a brazier to keep it hot. When you are traveling, you do not normally take a churn with you, so everyone fills his wooden bowl with tea, scoops a piece of butter out of a basket, puts it in the bowl, stirs the mixture gently with his finger, and, finally, drinks the tea." [2] Alcoholic beverages include: Chang, a beer usually made from barley Pinjopo, a rice wine Tibetan bowls and spoons, Field Museum Footnotes ^ Tibetan Marches. Andr?Migot. Translated from the French by Peter Fleming, p. 103. (1955). E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc. New York. ^ Tibetan Marches. Andr?Migot. Translated from the French by Peter Fleming, pp. 102-3. (1955). E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc. New York. References "Brick Tea and Tsampa" in Tibetan Marches, pp. 99-104. Andr?Migot. Translated from the French by Peter Fleming, p. 101. (1955). E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc. New York. v?d?eAsian cuisine Sovereignstates Afghanistan?Armenia1?Azerbaijan1?Bahrain?Bangladesh?Bhutan?Brunei?Burma2?Cambodia?People's Republic of China?Cyprus1?East Timor3?Egypt4?Georgia4?India?Indonesia?Iran?Iraq?Israel?Japan?Jordan?Kazakhstan4?North Korea?South Korea?Kuwait?Kyrgyzstan?Laos?Lebanon?Malaysia?Maldives?Mongolia?Nepal?Oman?Pakistan?Philippines?Qatar?Russia4?Saudi Arabia?Singapore?Sri Lanka?Syria?Tajikistan?Republic of China5?Thailand?Turkey4?Turkmenistan?United Arab Emirates?Uzbekistan?Vietnam?Yemen Dependencies,autonomies,other territories Aceh?Adjara1?Abkhazia1?Akrotiri and Dhekelia?Altai?British Indian Ocean Territory?Buryatia?Christmas Island?Cocos (Keeling) Islands?Guangxi?Hong Kong?Inner Mongolia?Iraqi Kurdistan?Jakarta?Khakassia?Macau?Nagorno-Karabakh?Nakhchivan?Ningxia?Northern Cyprus?Palestine (Gaza Strip?West Bank)?Papua?Sakha?South Ossetia1?Tibet?Tuva?West Papua?Xinjiang?Yogyakarta Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country. 1 Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions. 2 Officially known as Myanmar. 3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste. 4 Transcontinental country. 5 Commonly known as Taiwan. v?d?eTibet-related topics Culture Art?Calendar?Cuisine?Festivals?Music Society Economy?Foreign relations?History?Language?Traditional medicine Others Flag of Tibet?Geography Categories: South Asian cuisine | Central Asian cuisine | Tibetan cuisine These info's feature products include:
Confederation BridgeThese info's related products include: knitting machine spares floor polishing machine indoor climbing wall concrete mixing truck convertible trash compactor corrugated double wall control temperature automatic concrete mixing machine caterpillar engine parts Caterpillar Motor Grader Wet Mix Plant Hydraulic Pump Parts Used Wheel Loader Portable Cut-off Saw well drilling rig
Confederation Bridge Officialname Confederation Bridge / Pont de la Confédération Carries 2 lanes of NB 16/PEI 1 (Trans-Canada Highway) Crosses Northumberland Strait Locale Borden–Carleton, PEICape Jourimain, NB Maintained by Strait Crossing Bridge Limited (SCBL) Design Multi–span post-tensioned concrete box girder Longestspan 250 m (43 segment) Totallength 12.9 km (8.01 mi) AADT about 4000 [1] Openingdate 31 May 1997 Toll $42.50 two axle car$7.00 per extra axle$17.00 motorcycle (fee west bound only, no fee entering PEI) all amounts CAD Coordinates 46?2?55?N 63?4?45?W? / ?46.21528°N 63.74583°W? / 46.21528; -63.74583Coordinates: 46?2?55?N 63?4?45?W? / ?46.21528°N 63.74583°W? / 46.21528; -63.74583 The Confederation Bridge (French: Pont de la Confédération) is a bridge spanning the Abegweit Passage of Northumberland Strait, linking Prince Edward Island with mainland New Brunswick, Canada. It was commonly referred to as the "Fixed Link" (cf. fixed link) by residents of Prince Edward Island prior to its official naming. Construction took place from the fall of 1993 to the spring of 1997, costing $1.3 billion. The 12.9-kilometre (8mi) long bridge opened on 31 May 1997[2]. Contents 1 Structure 2 Tolls 3 History 3.1 Water transportation links 3.2 Early proposals 3.3 1988 plebiscite 4 Bridge development 4.1 Constitutional amendment 4.2 Construction 4.3 Naming 4.4 Official opening 4.5 Operation 5 Effect 6 See also 7 References 8 External links // Structure The bridge is a two-lane highway toll bridge that carries the Trans-Canada Highway between Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island (at Route 1) and Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick (at Route 16). It is a multi-span post-tensioned concrete box girder structure. Most of the curved bridge is 40metres (131ft) above water, and it contains a 60m (197ft) high navigation span to permit ship traffic. The bridge rests on 62 piers, of which the 44 main piers are 250m (820ft) apart. The bridge is 11m (36ft) wide. The speed limit on the bridge is 80kilometres per hour (50mph). It takes about 10 minutes to cross the bridge. Heading southbound towards New Brunswick Tolls Tolls are paid only when exiting Prince Edward Island; the current toll rate is $42.50 for a two axle automobile, with other rates for different types of vehicles. Pedestrians and cyclists are not permitted to cross, however a shuttle service is available. From 1997-2005 the shuttle service was free of fares. Beginning January 1, 2006 the shuttle service has been charging $4.00 per pedestrian or $8.00 per cyclist, although this fare is only applied when exiting Prince Edward Island. History Various proposals for a fixed link across the Northumberland Strait can be traced as far back as the 1870s when the province's railway system was developed. Subsequent proposals arose during federal elections in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The ebb and flow of public support for a fixed link was indirectly tied to the varying levels of federal investment in ferry and steamship connections to the province over the years, finally culminating in a proposal in the mid-1980s which resulted in the current bridge being constructed and the ferry system abandoned. Water transportation links As a part of Prince Edward Island's admission into the Dominion of Canada in 1873, the Canadian government was obligated to provide... "efficient steam service for the conveyance of mails and passengers to be established and maintained between the Island and the mainland of the Dominion, winter and summer, thus placing the Island in continuous communication with the Intercolonial Railway and the railway system of the Dominion..."[3] Following Confederation, early steamship services across Northumberland Strait connected the Island ports of Charlottetown and Georgetown with railway facilities at Pictou, Nova Scotia. Similar services operated between Summerside and Shediac, New Brunswick via the New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island Railway, a short line that provided a connection to the ICR. The most direct route across the Northumberland Strait, however, was at the 13-kilometre (8.1mi) wide Abegweit Passage. Infrequent winter service provided by underpowered steamships incapable of breaking sea ice ensured the survival of a passenger and mail service across Abegweit Passage using iceboats until a permanent ferry service was established in the 1910s. The unsatisfactory winter steamship service and reliance upon primitive iceboats provoked complaints from the Island government until the federal government decided to implement a railcar ferry service across Abegweit Passage between new ports at Port Borden and Cape Tormentine. In 1912, the federal government promised to open a car ferry between the "Capes" (Cape Traverse, PEI to Cape Tormentine, NB). The privately-owned railway line from Sackville, NB to Cape Tormentine was purchased by the federal government and an order was made with a shipyard in England for an icebreaking railcar ferry, to be called the Prince Edward Island. Ports were developed at Carleton Point, several kilometres west of Cape Traverse and Cape Tormentine; the port at Carleton Point would be named Borden in honour of Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden. The new ferry entered service in 1915 and operated on the former steamship routes until new harbour facilities were opened in October 1917. Automobile service was added in 1938 and other vessels followed as the ferry service expanded in the post-war years. This ferry service was initially the responsibility of Canadian Government Railways (1917-1918) and later Canadian National Railway (1918-1977), then a CNR subsidiary CN Marine (1977?986). In 1986, CN Marine was renamed when all federal government ferry services in Atlantic Canada were transferred to the new Crown corporation Marine Atlantic. Ferry service years Prince Edward Island (1915?968) Scotia I (various years 1917?955) Scotia II (various years 1917?968) Charlottetown (1931?941) Abegweit (1947?982), renamed Abby (1982?983) Confederation (1962?975) John Hamilton Gray (1968?997) Lucy Maude Montgomery (1969?973) Holiday Island (1971?997) Vacationland (1971?997) Abegweit (1982?997) Early proposals Discussion of a fixed link can be traced to George Howlan who called for construction of a railway tunnel beneath Abegweit Passage at the same time as the Prince Edward Island Railway was being built across the province in the 1870s. Howlan also raised the issue as a member of the provincial Legislative Assembly, and in March, 1891 as a Senator and member of a delegation to meetings on the subject, conducted at the British Parliament. The idea lost favour following his death in 1901. Talk of a fixed link was revived in the 1950s and 1960s, coinciding with federal election campaigns. The topic was raised in 1957, only two years following the opening of the Canso Causeway, and at the same time as another mega-project, the St. Lawrence Seaway was being constructed. A rockfill causeway was proposed to cross Abegweit Passage, with a 300m (984ft) bridge/tunnel to accommodate shipping. This plan was rejected for navigational reasons but was raised again in 1962, and in 1965, the federal government, ignoring concerns of the shipping industry, called for tenders for a $148 million fixed link featuring a tunnel/causeway/bridge. Approach roads and railway lines were constructed at Borden and Jourimain Island but the project was formally abandoned in 1969 upon scientific recommendation in favour of improved ferry services. Due to the extremely complex tidal regime in the Northumberland Strait consisting of diurnal and semi-diurnal cycles, any attempt to close Abegweit Passage would be next to impossible since the tidal cycles on each side of a causeway would be placed at opposites to each other. It is estimated by tidal experts at the Canadian Hydrographic Service, that tidal currents through a gap in such a causeway would be in excess of 18knots (33.3km/h; 20.7mph), powerful enough to counter most commercial ships and to sweep away boulders the size of houses.[4] 1988 plebiscite Consideration of a fixed link was renewed in the 1980s by an unsolicited proposal from a Nova Scotia businessman. The federal government favoured the construction of a fixed link chiefly because of the rising costs of providing ferry service (a constitutional requirement dating from PEI's accession to Confederation) and the increasing deficits being incurred by the railway system on PEI (run as part of Canadian National, then a Crown corporation). The federal government proposed to provide a fixed subsidy for the construction and operation of a fixed link, in return for the province agreeing to the abandonment of the ferry service and the railway system. Following the election of the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney, with its agenda for regional development through so-called "mega-projects," Public Works Canada called for formal proposals in 1987 and received three offers. These proposals included a tunnel, a bridge, and a combined tunnel-causeway-bridge. These developments sparked an extremely divisive debate on the Island, and Premier Joe Ghiz promised a plebiscite to gauge public support, which was held on January 18, 1988. During the plebiscite debate, the anti-link group Friends of the Island cited potential ecological damage from the construction, as well as concerns about the impact on Prince Edward Island's lifestyle in general, and noted that the "mega-project" model has had limited success in other areas of the world, and rarely enriched the local population. The Friends of the Island believed that a fixed link was being pressured by a federal government not willing to shoulder the cost of constitutional obligations for funding an efficient ferry service, and that a link would be built largely for the benefit of mainland tourists and businesses waiting to exploit the Island. The pro-link group Islanders for a Better Tomorrow noted transportation reliability would result in improvements for exporters and the tourism industry. The result was 59.4% [in total percentage] in favour of the fixed link. Bridge development The debate did not end with the 1988 plebiscite and the federal government faced numerous legal challenges and a lengthy environmental impact assessment for the project. The developer of the single bridge proposal, Strait Crossing Development Inc., was selected and an announcement that the Northumberland Strait Crossing Project would be built was finally made on December 2, 1992; the developer being required to privately finance all construction through bond markets. Shareholders of Strait Crossing Development Inc. include: OMERS, an Ontario public servant pension fund VINCI Concessions Canada Inc., Montreal, Quebec BPC Maritime Corporation, Toronto, Ontario Strait Crossing Inc., Calgary, Alberta (subsidiary of W. A. Stephenson / Stephenson Construction International (SCI) Engineers & Constructors Group of Companies) Ballast Nedam Canada Limited, Edmonton, Alberta Constitutional amendment As mentioned, the Schedule to the Prince Edward Island Terms of Union in the Constitution of Canada had required steamship service to connect the Island's railway system with that of mainland North America. Steamships were replaced by a dedicated ferry service in 1917, however, no changes were made to the wording of the constitution. The fixed crossing, however, was sufficiently divergent to require a constitutional amendment (see Amendments to the Constitution of Canada). The Constitution Amendment Proclamation, 1993 (Prince Edward Island) dealt with this issue, as well as the issue of tolls on the crossing. It made clear that the government (or a private body) was within its right to charge a toll (an essential part of the government's financing plans) for the crossing without violating the terms of union: "That a fixed crossing joining the Island to the mainland may be substituted for the steam service referred to in this Schedule... That, for greater certainty, nothing in this Schedule prevents the imposition of tolls for the use of such a fixed crossing between the Island and the mainland, or the private operation of such a crossing;" Construction Construction was started by Strait Crossing Development Inc. in the fall of 1993, beginning with preparation of staging facilities. Bridge components were built year-round from 1994 to summer of 1996, and placement of components began in fall 1994 until fall 1996. Approach roads, toll plazas and final work on the structure continued until the spring of 1997, at an estimated total cost of $1 billion. All bridge components were constructed on land, in purpose-built staging yards located on the shoreline at Amherst Head, fronting on Borden Harbour just east of the town and ferry docks, and an inland facility located at Bayfield, New Brunswick about 3km (1.9mi) west of Cape Tormentine. The Amherst Head staging facility was where all large components were built, including the pier bases, ice shields, main spans, and drop-in spans. The Bayfield facility was used to construct components for the near-shore bridges which were linked using a launching truss extending over shallow waters almost 2km (1.2mi) from the New Brunswick shore, and .5km (0.3mi) from the Prince Edward Island shore. Extremely durable high-grade concrete and reinforcing steel was used throughout construction of the pre-cast components, with the estimated lifespan of the bridge being in excess of 100 years. Their sheer size and weight required strengthening of the soil base during the design and preparation work for the Amherst Head staging facility, as well as the use of a crawler transport system to move pieces from fabrication to storage, and onto a nearby pier. These crawler transports, using specially designed teflon-coated concrete rails, earned the nickname lobsters from workers. All major components were lifted from the Amherst Head staging facility, transported, and placed in Abegweit Passage using the HLV Svanen, a Danish-built heavy lift catamaran, which during the construction of the fixed link was reportedly the tallest man-made structure in the province. HLV Svanen was custom-built for use on the Great Belt Bridge in the early 1990s, Denmark's largest construction project, and was modified at a French shipyard before working on the Northumberland Strait Crossing Project. Following the placement of the final major component and completion of the bridge structure in Abegweit Passage on November 19, 1996, HLV Svanen returned to Denmark for use in construction of the ?resund Bridge. Construction of the fixed link required over 5,000 workers ranging from labourers and specialty trades, to engineers, surveyors and managers. The economic impact of construction on Prince Edward Island was substantial, with the provincial GDP rising over 5% during the construction, providing a short-term economic boom for the Island. Naming The bridge from ground level on the New Brunswick side. Since the Island-coined nickname "Fixed Link" was not considered appropriate, and the federal government-coined project name "Northumberland Strait Crossing Project" was deemed awkward, there was a need for a formal name for the structure. Throughout construction, the federal government received suggestions for names and on September 27, 1996 the name "Confederation Bridge" was chosen. This name is not without controversy as many Islanders feel the word "Confederation" is overused throughout the province, finding use in the name of a Northumberland Ferries Limited vessel (M/V Confederation), a performing arts centre and art gallery (Confederation Centre of the Arts), a shopping centre (Confederation Court Mall), and the province-wide rails to trails system (Confederation Trail), as well as in tourism promotions (eg. "Birthplace of Confederation"). The preference of Islanders was reportedly to use the name "Abegweit Crossing" which would pay homage to the Abegweit Passage, the vessel M/V Abegweit which the bridge would replace, and to the Mi'kmaq traditional name for the province. However, at a time when national unity had just been challenged in the razor-thin results of the 1995 Quebec referendum, the federal government opted for a bilingually appropriate and nationally accepted, politically correct name for Canada's longest bridge connecting the mainland portion of the country to the province where the first meetings at the Charlottetown Conference in September 1864 led to the Confederation of British North America. The President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, during a state visit to Canada in 1998, referred to the bridge as the "Span of Green Gables".[citation needed] Following the completion of the structure on November 19, 1996, SCI worked throughout the winter to prepare the bridge for use, paving the bridge deck, placing protective walls which act as wind barriers, placing bridge deck and navigational lighting, constructing the Borden-Carleton toll plaza, and finishing the New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island approach roads. In separate construction, the federal and provincial governments built a new commercial and tourist development on the abandoned CN rail yards in Borden-Carleton, with phase I of this facility opening in spring 1997 as "Gateway Village". New Brunswick has never received similar federal support to improve the economy of Cape Tormentine, which has become a shadow of its former role in PEI transportation history, although in recent years a new eco-tourist and visitor centre was opened on Jourimain Island near the western end of the bridge. Official opening The official opening for the bridge took place on May 31, 1997 with the first traffic crossing at approximately 17h00 ADT following a nationally televised ceremony which aired on CBC and included a sailpast of the schooner Bluenose II and several Canadian Coast Guard ships, a flyover by the Snowbirds, and an emotional farewell to the beloved ferries which made their final crossings that evening. It is estimated that almost 75,000 people participated in a "Bridge Walk" and "Bridge Run" during the hours immediately prior to the opening for traffic. In the days following the opening of the bridge, ferry operator Marine Atlantic disposed of its four vessels. The ferry terminals and docks in both ports were removed over the summer of 1997. Operation The bridge is operated by Strait Crossing Bridge Limited (SCBL), a subsidiary of the Strait Crossing Development Inc. consortium which built the structure. SCBL privately manages, maintains and operates the bridge until 2032, after which time such operations will be transferred to the Government of Canada. The Government of Canada agreed to an annual payment of approximately $44 million for 33 years to Strait Crossing Development Inc., this being the subsidy which was formerly paid to Marine Atlantic to cover operating losses of the ferry system. These payments are in effect a mortgage and are being used by the developer to pay off construction costs. In 2032 the bridge's ownership will revert to the federal government. All tolls charged by SCBL are profit for the consortium with toll increases indexed to inflation and regulated by the federal government. The consortium has rarely commented upon the profitability of the bridge, however upon the structure's 10th anniversary, it was revealed that there had been a 30% cost over-run in construction ($330 million), which the consortium is forced to cover out of toll revenue since the federal government ferry subsidy is used to pay for the original tendered price ($1 billion). Operating costs for the bridge have also proven expensive, with warranty repairs for asphalt adherence and the complete replacement of all bridge deck lighting cutting into profits. Toll revenues have fallen over 30% since the bridge opened, largely explained by declining tourism traffic and domestic travel and currently range from $25 to $30 million annually. After expenses in 2003, the consortium received a year-end dividend of $2.6 million.[5] A low-power information radio station transmits from a pier near the centre of the span. CIRB-FM broadcasts travel warnings and weather alerts, along with traffic reports related to the bridge and visitor information pertaining to Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. Effect The number of tourists visiting Prince Edward Island increased from 740,000 in 1996 (the year before the bridge opened) to 1,200,000 in 1997[6], although this has dropped off somewhat to stabilize at around 900,000 visitors annually. The number of visitors actually staying in overnight accommodations in the province has decreased below pre-1996 levels, as many visitors are now choosing to tour PEI and its beaches and attractions in "day trips" out of Moncton or Halifax before continuing to tour the rest of eastern Canada. Prince Edward Island has responded by building high-end attractions such as golf courses to encourage increased spending by tourists during their shorter stays. Demographics such as the aging baby boomer population has also resulted in fewer families visiting the island[citation needed], so overall the impact of the Fixed Link on tourism is difficult to estimate. Where the link has made a difference is in the export of food from Prince Edward Island's agriculture and fishing industries. Potato production has increased dramatically, with industrial farming techniques being used to meet the demand. An increased number of food processing plants, creating items such as french fries and potato chips, have also benefitted from access to the increased potato crop and the ease of transporting off the island. Time-critical seafood has also increased exports from Prince Edward Island since 1997. The island has also witnessed a revolution in its retail sector since the opening of the Fixed Link. Prior to 1997, big box stores could only be found in larger centres in the Maritimes such as Halifax, Moncton, or Saint John. Prince Edward Island had a larger number of smaller, family-owned retail stores than other provinces, with few shopping malls and less selection of consumer goods. The opening of the Fixed Link was viewed with concern by government and the retail sector alike, as many thought Islanders would use the quicker transportation connection to drive to Moncton for many large-item purchases. While there was a small increase in the number of off-Island shoppers, the provincial government established a program of encouraging big box retailers to establish in the province, including elimination of provincial sales tax on clothing and footwear, resulting in a plethora of chains such as Wal-Mart, Future Shop, Staples, and Home Depot choosing to build stores on the Island. Correspondingly, many smaller locally-owned stores have gone out of business in one of the more visible impacts since the opening of the Fixed Link[citation needed]. See also List of bridges List of bridges by length References ^ Canada Transportation Act (2000). "Fact sheet". http://www.reviewcta-examenltc.gc.ca/CTAReview/CTAReview/english/reports/output/nix-01.htm. Retrieved on 2007-02-27. ^ CBC Digital Archives. "The Confederation Bridge: P.E.I. Connects". http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-560/life_society/confed_bridge/. Retrieved on 2007-02-27. ^ The Constitution of Canada, Joseph Edwin Crawford Munroe, 1889. http://books.google.com/books?id=DVkSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA318&dq=%22TERMS+OF+UNION+OF+PRINCE+EDWARD+ISLAND%22&ei=5TSoSe_zJZSyMKvtoJgE ^ Dalton, F. K.. "Tampering With the Tides". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 55, p.176-188. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1961JRASC..55..176D. Retrieved on 2009-01-05. ^ CBC (2007). "Bridge business not booming in 10th year". http://www.cbc.ca/canada/prince-edward-island/story/2007/05/31/bridge-business.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-31. ^ Government of Canada (1997). "Bridge to Prince Edward Island". http://canadianeconomy.gc.ca/english/economy/1997bridge_to_pei.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-27. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Confederation Bridge Confederation Bridge Confederationbridge.ca Bridge seen from the island SC Infrastructure Information Radio Bridge Confederation Bridge in the Structurae database v?d?ePortions of the Trans-Canada Highway BritishColumbia:Highway1 ? Highway5 ? Highway16 | Alberta:Highway1 ? Highway16 | Saskatchewan:Highway1 ? Highway16 | Manitoba:Highway1 ? Highway16 ? Highway100Ontario:Highway17 ? Highway69 ? Highway400 ? Highway12 ? Highway7 ? Highway71 ? Highway11 ? Highway66 ? Highway417Quebec:Autoroute40 ? Autoroute25 ? Autoroute20 ? Autoroute85 ? Route185 ? Route117 ? Autoroute15NewBrunswick:Route2 ? Route16 | Confederation Bridge | PrinceEdwardIsland:Route1 | NovaScotia:Highway104 ? Highway105 ? Highway106 | Newfoundland:Route1 Categories: Bridges in Prince Edward Island | Bridges in New Brunswick | Bridges completed in 1997 | OMERS | Bridges on the Trans-Canada Highway | Toll bridges | Viaducts in Canada | Westmorland County, New Brunswick | Prince County, Prince Edward Island Hidden categories: Articles containing French language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since January 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements since August 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2007 These info's feature products include:
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