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• 2009-Aug-7 - Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong three generations of Chinese ceramics heyday development. As an example in Jingdezhen, Shunzhi period gradually resume production and to create a lot of Kangxi period porcelain excellent varieties. To Yongzheng, Qianlong period of very rapid development, thousands of years as a result of accumulated experience, technical skills have been fully mature, in addition to Jingdezhen superior raw materials, fuel, excellent technical team and the Qing government official kiln Governor stringent monitoring system, from the emperor to Department officials have made do attach great importance to the production of Jingdezhen porcelain. Governor kiln with officials loyal to the emperor were sincere, painstaking research skills, but also conducive to Jingdezhen Porcelain of the system with great success.
Jingdezhen porcelain in Qing Dynasty39s success can be summed up as followsdelicate, lightglaze colors, Seiko. Kangxi period blue-and-white, multicolored Yongzheng, Qianlong period, pastel,, as well as the color of glaze and other colorful species, more than the artistic gucci bag achievements of the Ming Dynasty.
Kangxi period blue and white, and green material use of domestic refining is very pure, clean impurities excluded. In porcelain painting, screen-level clear, cobalt blue of a color, green Guangyan, gives the feeling of fresh crisp, decorative theme broader than the Ming Dynasty, more ambitious screen. This period appear in the porcelain top of a complete landscape, figure painting, bird and people will be pleased to see The Water Margin , Zhou Zhi , Three Kingdoms and other classic novels scenes some of the story.
Qing Dynasty porcelain colorful, Kangxi period of the works to the highest artistic quality. This type of porcelain on the color used for painting in red, green, red, purple mainly, in addition to gold color, blue color, black color, such as color, is able to colorful, rich and varied. Decorative porcelain colorful patterns as a result of the use of bold color on the bold and vigorous, strong colors in the color after the firing the kiln drying temperature is higher, it is known as the hard color. Content patterns banana leaf stripes, bright stripes,, flowers, birds, insects, fish, butterflies and other more common. Devices in the colorful history, the Kangxi period of the figures painted with colorful story, the highest artistic value. Porcelain is a kind of three-dimensional shape of objects, paint on it than painting on paper, but artists have played a high degree of wisdom and skills, rational layout, with color surprisingly, porcelain made in a lot of character scenes story Some simply become a novel or a historical story of the grand plan volumes, such as chopped Jiao Zhou, Huanghorse, anti-payment. Some of the Qing Dynasty in the early years reflects the labor of rural life scenarios, and some huge bird painting on terms reached a high level.
the Qing Dynasty, and is the new varieties of decorative porcelain, which was founded in the reign of Emperor Kangxi period. Pastel porcelain is fired at a good painting, well painted kiln after the re-baking, softelegant device color images are three-dimensional sense of every piece of porcelain watercolor pictures are. The content of pastel painting flowers and birds and more insects for the butterflies, lifelike form. To the Yongzheng period, the device greatlyprosperity, more than other porcelain products, the production of high technology skills. Qianlong still prevalent after the pastel work and even GLAZE colored porcelain in a common layout, the luxurious abnormal. 200 years of the Qing Dynasty, both as works of art of porcelain, or porcelain with life, all make up a large proportion of pastel.
porcelain, enamel painting, also known asis the use of materials stackedpainted on porcelain and fired on the.raw materials are from quartz, feldspar and other raw materials by adding soda ash, borax and a variety of oxides, fluorides, by melting, cooling, grinding processes are made. Qing Dynasty porcelainclassical European and American paintings by the impact of the arts of painting, often showing an increase during the period of capitalism healthy and lively, the contents of vitality. Palace of the Qing Dynasty porcelain attached great importance to this art, is also very tight control. The process of porcelain productiontwo points, first factory in Jingdezhen kilns burning of the white and delicate white cream of the crop, made to the Office of the Royal Palace, the Palace Queen39s by artist, or the hiring of the European artist to paint in the above. It can be said that the Qing Dynasty porcelainwell with the Western painting white product of the combination of the arts. The contents offlowers and birds, characters, and other poems. The most common flowers are rose, bamboo, Lamei, orchids and so on. People have a child prodigy, fairies, etc. the image of Europeans angel, beautiful women, such as El Nino. Abnormalfine porcelain, the history of Chinese arts and crafts a brilliant flowers.
Doo-color porcelain, this period increased variety, color and glaze it underglazed combining blue-and-white, art more than the level of the Ming Dynasty. Choi Doo has spread to the general living above with porcelain, decoration is extremely rich in content. Play up the contrast used to paint the painting, painting Anthocephalus content, folding trick to spend, spend, such as leafroll. Symmetrical about the pattern, the layout of rigorous, content rich and colorful, full of pictorial effect.
Qianlong period porcelain invented many new techniques, as a result of the craftsmen have mastered the skills of a variety of porcelain and accurate use of flame, heat control, a very good grasp of the performance of the fetal enamel, porcelain material with clever imitation of bamboo, wood , bronze, stone, ivory carvings of various objects such as images are lifelike. Porcelain connoisseurs have praised the craftsmen amazing Seven Wonders of skills. In addition, the successful firing of the glaze to fill holes engrave exquisite and large-scale porcelain sculpture to the heart of turning neck bottles and bottles,, unprecedented skill.
In the Qing Dynasty, only a color of pure porcelain, vitreous enamel, known as the color browser. In 200 years, this porcelain and there are many processes to create and develop. Jingdezhen produced a green powder , red glaze, , red bean , A Green Crab, yellow eel , eggplant purple skin, green turquoise color of vitreous enamel, etc., and for the design of ceramic glaze, the addition of gucci men many new varieties.
China39s ceramic handicrafts, after several thousand years of development and accumulated rich experience, a wide range of outstanding Chinese gucci and foreign culture has absorbed the essence of art, the formation of a unique set of technology skills. That is, the middle of the Qing dynasty Qianlong period, profound knowledge, a lot of work, making Chinese ceramics reached a high degree of technical proficiency peak.
After the middle of the Qing dynasty, China39s feudal society has come to an end, the decline of the phenomenon of corruption is becoming more obvious and show us their sense of social productive forces of stagnation, destruction, a variety of traditional manual skills are under the shackles of corruption, the decline of society down. Ceramic handicrafts and art is also true, only to show prosperity in Jingdezhen,elsewhere have been devastated.
From the middle of the nineteenth century to the twentieth century, nearly half a century, the Chinese community in the capitalist powers under aggression, and gradually reduced to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society. China ceramic crafts in the cruel feudal exploitation and bureaucraticthe exclusion of the West, have been seriously destroyed. Many kilns were abandoned, a large number of artisans it is difficult to make a living, has a long tradition of ceramic art gradually lost its glory by the stagnation to decline as the porcelain of the motherland of China, into the western capitalist powersdumping market. Until after New China was founded, until the restoration of ceramics of the glorious past and make new progress.
Lee Ji-feast
Notes
1 ZHANG Fu-kang, Zhang Zhigang Chinese history study low-temperature glaze , see Journal of Portland 8 Volume 1.
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